Finance calculators

Rental Property Calculator

Updated Jul 3, 2026 By Jehan Wadia
Rate Formulas
Purchase & Financing
$
$
Counted as part of your total upfront cash.

Are you using a loan?
Choose "No" for an all-cash purchase.
%
= $60,000
%
%
Upfront fee on the loan; added to cash invested.
Estimated monthly mortgage payment: $0.00

Does the property need repairs?
Income
Amount ($)
Annual Growth Rate (%)
$
%
$
%
%
Reduction to gross rent. A common benchmark is 6–10%.
%
Applied to effective gross income. Include it even if self-managing.
Recurring Operating Expenses
Annual Amount ($)
Annual Growth Rate (%)
Maintenance covers routine fixes; CapEx covers big periodic replacements (roof, HVAC, appliances) and is commonly overlooked.
Sale / Exit
Do you know your future sell price?
%
%
Agent commissions, seller closing, excise tax, etc.

Results — Year-One Snapshot

Monthly Cash Flow
$0
Income left after all expenses & mortgage each month.
Annual Cash Flow
$0
Monthly cash flow × 12.
Net Operating Income
$0
Income minus operating costs, before loan payments.
Cap Rate
0%
NOI ÷ property value; ignores financing.
Cash-on-Cash Return
0%
Annual cash flow ÷ cash invested.
Gross Rent Multiplier
0
Price ÷ annual gross rent.
DSCR
0
NOI ÷ annual debt payments.
Break-Even Occupancy
0%
Occupancy needed to cover all costs.

Investment Rules of Thumb

1% Rule
Monthly rent should be at least 1% of purchase price.
50% Rule
Operating expenses (excl. mortgage) tend to be about 50% of gross rent.

Long-Term Return (Full Holding Period)

IRR
0%
Annualized return over all cash flows & sale.
CAGR
0%
Compound annual growth of invested capital.
Total Profit at Sale
$0
Net proceeds + cash flow − cash invested.
Equity at Sale
$0
Sale price − remaining loan balance.
Total Interest Paid
$0
Interest paid over the holding period.
Step-by-Step Solution
Year-by-Year Projection
Projected income, expenses, cash flow, property value and equity for each year of the holding period, reflecting the growth rates you entered.
Year Gross Rent Vacancy Loss Operating Exp. NOI Mortgage Cash Flow Cumulative CF Property Value Loan Balance Equity
Sensitivity Analysis
Each card shows Cash-on-Cash Return and IRR when one assumption changes.

Rent Variance

Vacancy Rate Variance

Interest Rate Variance

Annual Cash Flow by Year
Property Value, Equity & Loan Balance
Year-One Operating Expense Breakdown

Introduction

This rental property calculator helps you figure out if an investment property is worth buying. Enter the purchase price, loan details, rent, and expenses, and the tool does the math for you. It shows your monthly cash flow, cap rate, cash-on-cash return, and other key numbers that tell you whether a deal makes or loses money.

The calculator also projects your income, expenses, equity, and property value year by year for your entire holding period. It runs a sensitivity analysis so you can see how changes in rent, vacancy, or interest rates affect your returns. A step-by-step breakdown shows exactly how each result is calculated, so you can follow the math and trust the numbers.

Whether you are buying your first rental or adding to a portfolio, use this tool to compare deals, test assumptions, and make smarter investment decisions before you spend a dollar.

How to Use Our Rental Property Calculator

Enter details about your rental property purchase, income, expenses, and sale plans below. The calculator will show you cash flow, cap rate, cash-on-cash return, IRR, and other key metrics so you can decide if the deal is worth it.

Purchase & Financing

Purchase Price — Enter the total price you will pay for the property in dollars. This is required.

Estimated Closing Costs — Enter the fees you expect to pay at closing, such as title fees, appraisal, and lender charges. This amount counts toward your total cash invested. Use our closing cost calculator to estimate these fees more precisely.

Are You Using a Loan? — Select "Yes" if you plan to finance the property with a mortgage. Select "No" if you are paying all cash.

Down Payment — Enter the percentage of the purchase price you will pay upfront. For example, enter 20 for a 20% down payment. This field only applies if you are using a loan. Our down payment calculator can help you determine how much to put down.

Interest Rate — Enter the annual interest rate on your mortgage. For example, enter 7 for a 7% rate.

Loan Term — Enter the length of your loan in years. You can also click the 15, 20, or 30 buttons to quickly set a common term.

Loan Points — Enter any upfront fee charged by the lender as a percentage of the loan amount. Each point equals 1% of the loan. Enter 0 if you have no points.

Does the Property Need Repairs? — Select "Yes" if you plan to renovate the property before renting it out. Select "No" if it is move-in ready.

Repair / Renovation Cost — Enter the total dollar amount you expect to spend on repairs. This is added to your cash invested.

After Repair Value (ARV) — Enter what you believe the property will be worth after all repairs are done. The calculator uses this value instead of the purchase price for cap rate and appreciation.

Income

Monthly Rent — Enter the rent you expect to collect each month in dollars. In the growth rate field, enter the percentage you expect rent to increase each year. If you are not sure what to charge, our rent affordability calculator can provide a reference point.

Other Monthly Income — Enter any extra monthly income from things like parking, storage, or laundry. Set the annual growth rate for this income as well.

Vacancy Rate — Enter the percentage of time you expect the property to sit empty. A common estimate is 6% to 10%. This reduces your gross rental income.

Property Management Fee — Enter the percentage of income you will pay a property manager. Enter a value even if you plan to manage the property yourself, so you account for the true cost.

Recurring Operating Expenses

Property Taxes — Enter the total annual property tax bill in dollars and the rate you expect it to grow each year. You can use our property tax calculator to estimate your annual tax bill.

Landlord / Hazard Insurance — Enter your annual insurance premium and its expected yearly increase. Our homeowners insurance calculator can help you estimate this cost.

HOA Fees — Enter the total annual HOA dues. Leave this at 0 if the property has no HOA.

Utilities — Enter the annual cost of any utilities you pay as the landlord, such as water, electric, or gas. Leave at 0 if tenants pay all utilities.

Repairs & Maintenance — Enter an annual budget for routine fixes like plumbing leaks, paint, and small repairs.

Capital Expenditures (CapEx) — Enter an annual reserve for big-ticket replacements like a roof, HVAC system, or appliances. This cost is often overlooked but very important.

Garbage / Sewer — Enter the annual cost of garbage collection and sewer service if you pay for them.

Other Costs — Enter any other annual expenses not listed above, such as pest control or landscaping.

Sale / Exit

Do You Know Your Future Sell Price? — Select "Yes" if you have a specific price in mind. Select "No" to let the calculator estimate it using an appreciation rate.

Expected Sell Price — If you selected "Yes" above, enter the price you expect to sell the property for in the future.

Annual Property Appreciation — If you selected "No" above, enter the yearly rate you expect the property value to grow. The calculator uses this to project the future sale price.

Holding Period — Enter the number of years you plan to own the property before selling it.

Cost to Sell — Enter the total selling costs as a percentage of the sale price. This includes agent commissions, closing costs, and transfer taxes. A common estimate is 6%.

Your Results

Click the Calculate button to see your results. You will get year-one metrics like cash flow, cap rate, and cash-on-cash return. You will also see long-term numbers like IRR, total profit, and equity at sale. A year-by-year projection table, sensitivity analysis, and charts help you visualize the deal over time. Click Reset to return all fields to their default values.

What Is a Rental Property Calculator?

A rental property calculator helps you figure out if a rental home or apartment is a good investment. You enter details like the purchase price, loan terms, monthly rent, and expenses. The calculator then shows you how much money you could make or lose each month and each year.

Key Numbers It Gives You

Cash flow is the money left over after you pay all bills, including the mortgage. Positive cash flow means the property earns money. Negative cash flow means it costs you money each month.

Net Operating Income (NOI) is your rental income minus operating costs like taxes, insurance, and repairs. It does not include your mortgage payment. Lenders and investors use NOI to judge how well a property performs on its own.

Cap rate compares NOI to the property's value. A higher cap rate usually means a better return, but it can also mean more risk. Most rental properties fall between 4% and 10%. You can dive deeper into this metric with our dedicated cap rate calculator.

Cash-on-cash return tells you how much cash you earn compared to the cash you put in. If you invest $60,000 and earn $6,000 a year in cash flow, your cash-on-cash return is 10%.

DSCR (Debt Service Coverage Ratio) shows whether the property earns enough to cover its loan payments. A DSCR above 1.0 means income exceeds debt. Most lenders want to see at least 1.2 to 1.25. For a more focused analysis, try our DSCR calculator.

IRR (Internal Rate of Return) measures your total return over time, including cash flow, appreciation, and the profit when you sell. It accounts for the timing of every dollar in and out, making it one of the most complete measures of an investment's performance. Our standalone IRR calculator lets you explore this metric with custom cash flows.

Rules of Thumb

The 1% rule says monthly rent should be at least 1% of the purchase price. A $200,000 property should rent for at least $2,000 a month. This is a quick filter, not a final answer.

The 50% rule says about half of your gross rent will go to operating expenses, not counting the mortgage. It helps you estimate cash flow fast before you dig into exact numbers.

Why Vacancy and Management Fees Matter

No rental is occupied every single day. Vacancy rate accounts for the time between tenants when you earn no rent. A typical estimate is 6% to 10% of gross rent. Property management fees cover the cost of someone handling tenants, maintenance calls, and rent collection. Even if you manage the property yourself, including this fee gives you a more honest picture of costs.

What Are Capital Expenditures?

Capital expenditures, or CapEx, are big-ticket items that wear out over time. Roofs, water heaters, HVAC systems, and appliances all need replacing eventually. Setting aside money each year for CapEx prevents a surprise bill from wiping out years of profit. Many new investors skip this, which makes their returns look better than they really are.

How the Year-by-Year Projection Works

The projection table grows your rent and expenses each year by the growth rates you enter. It also tracks your loan balance as you pay it down and your property value as it appreciates. This lets you see how cash flow, equity, and overall wealth change over your entire holding period. To see exactly how your loan is paid off over time, check out our amortization calculator. If you want to compare the full cost of financing your purchase, our mortgage calculator can help you model different loan scenarios. You can also use the rental yield calculator and Airbnb calculator to compare your returns against other rental strategies, or try the rent vs buy calculator to see if purchasing makes more financial sense than renting in your market.


Formulas used

Monthly Mortgage Payment
M = P \cdot \frac{r(1+r)^n}{(1+r)^n - 1}
Net Operating Income (NOI)
\text{NOI} = \text{Gross Income} \times (1 - \text{Vacancy Rate}) - \text{Operating Expenses}
Cap Rate
\text{Cap Rate} = \frac{\text{NOI}}{\text{Property Value}}
Cash-on-Cash Return
\text{CoCR} = \frac{\text{Annual Cash Flow}}{\text{Total Cash Invested}}
Debt Service Coverage Ratio
\text{DSCR} = \frac{\text{NOI}}{\text{Annual Debt Service}}
Gross Rent Multiplier
\text{GRM} = \frac{\text{Purchase Price}}{\text{Annual Gross Rent}}
Break-Even Occupancy
\text{BEO} = \frac{\text{Operating Expenses} + \text{Debt Service}}{\text{Gross Scheduled Income}}
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
\sum_{t=0}^{N} \frac{CF_t}{(1 + \text{IRR})^t} = 0

Frequently asked questions

What is cash flow in rental property investing?

Cash flow is the money left over each month after you pay all costs. This includes the mortgage, taxes, insurance, repairs, and management fees. Positive cash flow means the property makes money. Negative cash flow means it costs you money. This calculator shows both your monthly and annual cash flow.

What is a good cash-on-cash return for a rental property?

Most investors look for a cash-on-cash return of 8% to 12% or higher. This means for every dollar you put in, you earn 8 to 12 cents per year in cash flow. A higher number is better, but it depends on your local market and risk level. Some investors accept lower returns in areas where property values grow fast.

What is the difference between cap rate and cash-on-cash return?

Cap rate ignores your loan. It divides net operating income by the property value. It tells you how the property performs on its own. Cash-on-cash return includes your loan. It divides your annual cash flow by the cash you actually put in. Use cap rate to compare properties. Use cash-on-cash return to see how your money works for you.

What is a good cap rate for a rental property?

A good cap rate depends on the area. In most markets, 5% to 8% is solid. Higher cap rates (8% to 10%+) often come with more risk or are in less desirable areas. Lower cap rates (3% to 5%) are common in expensive cities where investors bet on property value growth instead of cash flow.

What does DSCR mean and why does it matter?

DSCR stands for Debt Service Coverage Ratio. It shows if your rental income covers your loan payments. A DSCR of 1.0 means income exactly equals your debt. Most lenders want 1.2 or higher. If your DSCR is below 1.0, the property does not earn enough to pay its mortgage, and you must cover the gap out of pocket.

Why should I include a management fee if I manage the property myself?

Your time has value. If you ever hire a manager or stop wanting to do the work, that cost will appear. Including a management fee of 8% to 10% gives you an honest view of the deal. It also lets you compare this property fairly against other investments where you do not trade your time.

What vacancy rate should I use?

A vacancy rate of 6% to 10% is a common starting point. This accounts for the time between tenants, plus any months a tenant does not pay. If your area has high demand and low turnover, you might use 5%. If turnover is high or the area is less popular, use 10% or more.

What is IRR and how is it different from cash-on-cash return?

IRR (Internal Rate of Return) measures your total return over the entire time you own the property. It includes cash flow every year, appreciation, and profit when you sell. Cash-on-cash return only looks at year-one cash flow versus your cash invested. IRR gives a fuller picture because it covers the whole holding period.

What is the difference between maintenance and CapEx?

Maintenance covers small, routine fixes like a leaky faucet, a broken lock, or a fresh coat of paint. CapEx (Capital Expenditures) covers big, expensive items that wear out over many years, like a roof, furnace, or water heater. Both should be budgeted separately so a large replacement does not wipe out your savings.

How much should I set aside for CapEx each year?

A common rule is to budget 5% to 10% of your gross rent for CapEx. For older properties with aging systems, budget closer to 10% or more. For newer properties, 5% may be enough. The key is to save money each year so you are ready when a big repair hits.

What is the Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM)?

GRM is a quick way to compare rental properties. You divide the purchase price by the annual gross rent. A lower GRM means you pay less for each dollar of rent, which is usually better. For example, a $300,000 property with $24,000 in annual rent has a GRM of 12.5. It is a rough filter, not a complete analysis.

What does break-even occupancy mean?

Break-even occupancy is the minimum percentage of time the property must be rented to cover all costs, including the mortgage. If your break-even occupancy is 85%, you need tenants at least 85% of the year just to avoid losing money. A lower number gives you a bigger safety cushion.

How does the sensitivity analysis work?

The sensitivity analysis changes one input at a time and shows how your returns shift. It tests rent going up or down 10%, vacancy rising by 5% or 10%, and interest rates changing by 0.5%. This helps you see if the deal still works under worse conditions, so you are not caught off guard.

What are loan points and should I pay them?

Loan points are an upfront fee paid to the lender. Each point costs 1% of your loan amount. Paying points usually lowers your interest rate. This calculator adds the cost of points to your total cash invested. Points can make sense if you plan to hold the property for many years, since the lower rate saves money over time.

What is After Repair Value (ARV)?

ARV is what the property will be worth after you finish all repairs and renovations. If you buy a fixer-upper for $250,000 and spend $50,000 on upgrades, and similar updated homes sell for $350,000, then $350,000 is your ARV. The calculator uses ARV instead of the purchase price for cap rate and appreciation when repairs are included.

What costs are included in the cost to sell?

Cost to sell covers everything you pay when you sell the property. This typically includes real estate agent commissions (often 5% to 6%), seller closing costs, transfer taxes, and title fees. A common total estimate is about 6% of the sale price. The calculator subtracts this from your sale proceeds.

Can I use this calculator for a multi-unit property?

Yes. Enter the total combined rent from all units as your monthly rent. Enter the full purchase price and all expenses for the entire building. The calculator treats the property as one investment and gives you the overall returns. It works for duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes, and small apartment buildings.

What is a good annual appreciation rate to use?

The long-term national average for home appreciation is roughly 3% to 4% per year. Some hot markets grow faster, and some areas grow slower. Be conservative with this number. Using a high appreciation rate can make a bad deal look good on paper. It is safer to plan for 2% to 3% and treat anything extra as a bonus.

Does this calculator account for taxes on rental income?

No. This calculator does not include income taxes, depreciation deductions, or capital gains taxes. Your actual after-tax return will differ based on your tax bracket, depreciation schedule, and how long you hold the property. Consult a tax professional to understand the full tax impact of your rental investment.

What does CAGR mean in the results?

CAGR stands for Compound Annual Growth Rate. It shows how fast your invested cash grows each year on average over the entire holding period. It smooths out the ups and downs into one steady yearly rate. A higher CAGR means your money grew faster.

How do I know if a rental property is a good deal?

Look for positive monthly cash flow, a cash-on-cash return of at least 8%, a cap rate that fits your market, and a DSCR above 1.2. Check that the deal passes the 1% rule or comes close. Run the sensitivity analysis to make sure it still works if rent drops or vacancy rises. No single number tells the whole story, so review all the metrics together.