Weather calculators

WBGT Calculator

Updated Jul 25, 2026 By Jehan Wadia
Rate Formulas
Unit System
Location & Time ?
Decimal degrees, −90 to 90.
Decimal degrees, −180 to 180.
Atmospheric Conditions
Solar Radiation Input
Wind
Minimum 0.5 mph (prevents divide-by-zero).

WET BULB GLOBE TEMPERATURE
°F  /  °C
Outdoor (in-sun) model
Intermediate Values
Natural Wet Bulb (Tnwb)
Globe Temp (Tg)
Solar Radiation
Wind @ 2 m
Temperature Comparison
Suggested Work / Rest Ratio (ACGIH TLV, acclimatized)
WorkloadRecommended Allocation at Your WBGT
Step-by-Step Solution
Model: Liljegren-type outdoor WBGT — psychrometric wet-bulb (Stull 2011) with solar/wind natural-wet-bulb correction and a black-globe energy balance.

Introduction

The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is a single number that tells you how dangerous the heat really is. Unlike a regular thermometer, WBGT combines air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and sun exposure into one reading. This matters because humid, sunny, still air feels far worse than dry, shady, breezy air — even at the same temperature.

This WBGT calculator lets you estimate your heat stress risk in seconds. Enter your local weather conditions, and the tool computes a WBGT value, assigns a risk level, and shows a suggested work-rest schedule based on ACGIH guidelines. It works for both outdoor and indoor settings, in imperial or metric units.

Workers, coaches, athletes, and safety managers use WBGT to decide when it is safe to work or play outside. Heat-related illness can cause cramps, exhaustion, and heat stroke. Knowing your WBGT helps you take action — like adding rest breaks, moving to shade, or drinking more water — before anyone gets hurt.

How to Use Our WBGT Calculator

Enter your location, weather conditions, and time of day below. The calculator will estimate the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), show your heat stress risk level, and suggest safe work-rest schedules.

Unit System: Choose Imperial (°F, mph, ft) or Metric (°C, m/s, m). All values will convert automatically when you switch. If you need to convert between temperature scales manually, try our Celsius to Fahrenheit calculator.

Latitude and Longitude: Enter the decimal coordinates of your location. These are used to find the sun's position in the sky. You can also press the "Use My Location" button to fill these in automatically.

Date and Time: Enter the current date and time in 24-hour format. The calculator uses these along with your location to figure out how high the sun is and how much solar energy reaches the ground.

UTC Offset: Enter your time zone as hours from UTC. For example, US Eastern is −5 and US Pacific is −8. This is usually filled in for you.

Dry Bulb (Air) Temperature: Enter the current air temperature shown on a standard thermometer. Use °F if Imperial is selected or °C if Metric is selected.

Relative Humidity: Enter the current relative humidity as a percentage from 0 to 100. You can find this from a local weather report or a hygrometer. If you have other measurements and need to derive humidity, our humidity calculator can help.

Solar Radiation Input: Pick one of three ways to describe sunshine. "Sky Cover" lets you choose a METAR cloud category like Clear or Overcast. "Cloud Cover %" lets you type an exact cloud percentage. "Direct W/m²" lets you enter a measured solar radiation value if you have a pyranometer. If you are planning a solar panel installation, the same irradiance data applies.

Wind Speed: Enter the current wind speed in mph (Imperial) or m/s (Metric). A small minimum value is applied automatically to keep the math stable. In cold conditions, wind has the opposite effect on perceived temperature — see our wind chill calculator for that scenario.

Measurement Height: Enter the height above ground where the wind speed was measured, in feet (Imperial) or meters (Metric). The calculator adjusts wind to the standard 2-meter reference height used in the WBGT formula.

Press Calculate to see your results. Press Reset to return all fields to their default values.

What Is Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)?

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, or WBGT, is a single number that tells you how dangerous the heat really feels on your body. Unlike a regular thermometer, WBGT combines air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and sun exposure into one reading. This gives a much better picture of heat stress risk than temperature alone. For a related but simpler measure, see our heat index calculator, which uses only temperature and humidity.

Why WBGT Matters

A hot day with low humidity feels very different from a hot day with high humidity. Humid air makes it harder for your sweat to evaporate, which means your body cannot cool itself as well. Strong sunlight heats your skin directly, and low wind removes less heat from your body. WBGT accounts for all of these factors at once. You can explore how moisture in the air affects cooling by checking the dew point calculator or the humidex calculator.

The military, OSHA, athletic trainers, and construction site managers all use WBGT to decide when outdoor work or exercise becomes unsafe. When WBGT rises above certain thresholds, workers need longer rest breaks, more water, or may need to stop working outside altogether. Tracking your work hours alongside WBGT readings can help you plan safer schedules during heat waves.

How This Calculator Works

This calculator uses your location, date, time, air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and cloud cover to estimate WBGT. It figures out where the sun is in the sky to estimate how much solar radiation hits the ground. It then calculates two key temperatures: the natural wet bulb temperature, which measures how well sweat can cool you, and the globe temperature, which measures radiant heat from the sun and surroundings.

These values are combined using a standard formula. Outdoors in the sun, the formula is: WBGT = 0.7 × Natural Wet Bulb + 0.2 × Globe Temp + 0.1 × Air Temp. In shade or at night, the air temperature term is dropped and globe temperature gets more weight.

Understanding Your Risk Level

Results are sorted into five risk levels from Low to Extreme. The calculator also shows a work-rest table based on guidelines from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Light tasks like standing at a desk can continue at higher WBGT values, while heavy tasks like shoveling require rest breaks much sooner. Athletes can also monitor their exertion with tools like a calories burned calculator to understand how much energy they are spending in the heat.

If your WBGT reads 90°F (32.2°C) or higher, conditions are dangerous for almost any outdoor physical activity. Stay hydrated, rest often in shade, and watch for signs of heat illness like dizziness, nausea, or confusion. Monitoring your heart rate zone during outdoor exercise is another way to catch early warning signs of overheating.


Formulas used

Psychrometric Wet-Bulb Temperature (Stull 2011)
T_w = T\,\arctan\!\left(0.151977\sqrt{RH+8.313659}\right) + \arctan(T+RH) - \arctan(RH-1.676331) + 0.00391838\,RH^{1.5}\,\arctan(0.023101\,RH) - 4.686035
Clear-Sky Solar Radiation
S_{clear} = 1367\,\cos Z \cdot 0.7^{\,AM^{0.678}}, \quad AM = \frac{1}{\cos Z}
Cloud-Attenuated Solar Radiation
S = S_{clear}\!\left(1 - 0.75\,f^{\,3.4}\right)
Wind Speed Correction to 2 m (Log Profile)
u_2 = u_z \;\frac{\ln(2/z_0)}{\ln(z/z_0)}, \quad z_0 = 0.03\;\text{m}
Natural Wet-Bulb Temperature
T_{nwb} = T_w + \frac{0.006\,S}{1 + 0.34\,u_2}
Globe Temperature (Energy Balance)
T_g = T_{db} + \frac{0.2375\,S}{h_c + 4\,\varepsilon\,\sigma\,T_{db,K}^{\,3}}, \quad h_c = 6.3\,u_2^{\,0.6}
WBGT — Outdoor (In-Sun)
WBGT = 0.7\,T_{nwb} + 0.2\,T_g + 0.1\,T_{db}
WBGT — Shade / Indoor / Night
WBGT = 0.7\,T_{nwb} + 0.3\,T_g

Frequently asked questions

What is a safe WBGT level for outdoor work?

A WBGT below 78°F (25.6°C) is low risk for most people. Between 78–82°F (25.6–27.8°C) is moderate risk. Above 86°F (30°C) is high to extreme risk, and heavy outdoor work should be limited or stopped. Always follow your employer's heat safety plan.

What is the difference between WBGT and heat index?

Heat index uses only air temperature and humidity. WBGT also includes wind speed and sun exposure. This makes WBGT more accurate for outdoor heat stress because it accounts for how sun and wind affect your body's ability to cool down.

Do I need a special instrument to use this calculator?

No. You only need basic weather data like air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. You can get these from a local weather report or weather app. The calculator estimates solar radiation from your location and time, so you do not need a pyranometer.

What does the natural wet bulb temperature mean?

The natural wet bulb temperature measures how well sweat can cool your skin. It depends on both humidity and air movement. When humidity is high, sweat evaporates slowly, the natural wet bulb rises, and your body has a harder time cooling off.

What does globe temperature measure?

Globe temperature measures radiant heat — the heat you feel from the sun, hot pavement, or nearby equipment. It is normally measured with a black copper globe. This calculator estimates it using solar radiation, air temperature, and wind speed.

Why does the calculator ask for my location and time?

Your latitude, longitude, date, and time are used to figure out where the sun is in the sky. A high sun sends more radiation to the ground than a low sun. This lets the calculator estimate solar radiation when you do not have a direct measurement.

Can I use this calculator for indoor heat stress?

Yes. Set the solar radiation to 0 W/m² using the Direct W/m² option, or run it at nighttime. The calculator will automatically switch to the shade formula, which drops the air temperature term and uses only wet bulb and globe temperature.

Why is wind speed important in the WBGT calculation?

Wind helps evaporate sweat and carry heat away from your body. Higher wind lowers both the natural wet bulb and globe temperatures. Even a small breeze can reduce your WBGT by a noticeable amount. That is why calm days feel much worse than windy days.

What is the measurement height field for?

Wind speed changes with height above the ground. Weather stations often measure wind at 10 meters (33 feet), but the WBGT formula uses wind at 2 meters. The calculator adjusts your reading to the correct height so the result is accurate.

What is the outdoor WBGT formula?

The outdoor formula is WBGT = 0.7 × Natural Wet Bulb + 0.2 × Globe Temp + 0.1 × Air Temp. The natural wet bulb gets the most weight because evaporative cooling is the biggest factor in heat stress.

What is the shade or indoor WBGT formula?

In shade or at night, the formula is WBGT = 0.7 × Natural Wet Bulb + 0.3 × Globe Temp. The air temperature term is removed because there is little or no direct solar radiation hitting your body.

What do the METAR sky cover options mean?

METAR is a weather reporting format used by airports. CLR means clear skies. FEW is about 25% cloud cover. SCT (scattered) is about 50%. BKN (broken) is about 75%. OVC (overcast) is 100% cloud cover.

How does cloud cover affect WBGT?

Clouds block sunlight, which lowers the solar radiation reaching the ground. Less solar radiation means a lower globe temperature and a lower natural wet bulb temperature. On an overcast day, WBGT can be several degrees lower than on a clear day with the same air temperature.

What is the work-rest table based on?

The work-rest table follows guidelines from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). It shows how much rest you need per hour based on your WBGT and how hard you are working. Heavier work needs more rest at lower WBGT values.

What counts as light, moderate, or heavy workload?

Light work includes sitting, standing, or using light hand tools. Moderate work includes walking, pushing, or moderate lifting. Heavy work includes shoveling, climbing, or carrying heavy loads. Pick the level that best matches your activity.

Does this calculator work for acclimatized or unacclimatized workers?

The work-rest table shown is for acclimatized workers — people who have gradually adjusted to working in heat over 1 to 2 weeks. Unacclimatized workers are at higher risk and should use lower WBGT thresholds or take more frequent rest breaks.

Why did the calculator switch to the nighttime formula automatically?

The calculator computed the sun's position using your location and time. If the sun is below the horizon, there is no solar radiation. It automatically sets solar radiation to zero and uses the shade formula. The nighttime banner at the top of the results confirms this.

What does the What-If section tell me?

The What-If note shows how small changes affect your WBGT. For example, it might say that adding 1 mph of wind would lower WBGT by 0.5°F. This helps you make quick decisions, like setting up fans or moving to a shadier area.

Can I use this calculator for sports and athletics?

Yes. Coaches, athletic trainers, and event organizers use WBGT to decide if practices or games should be modified, moved, or canceled. Many state athletic associations set WBGT limits for outdoor sports. Check your league's specific heat policy for exact cutoff values.

How accurate is this online WBGT calculator?

This calculator uses the Liljegren-type model with the Stull wet bulb approximation. It gives a good estimate for planning and safety decisions. However, a direct measurement with a calibrated WBGT meter is more accurate because it captures local conditions like reflected heat from pavement or nearby buildings.

What is the UTC offset and how do I find mine?

The UTC offset is how many hours your time zone is ahead of or behind Coordinated Universal Time. For example, US Eastern is −5 and US Central is −6. The calculator tries to detect yours automatically. You can also search online for your city's UTC offset.

Why was my wind speed raised to a minimum value?

The WBGT formula divides by wind speed. If wind is zero, the math breaks. The calculator sets a minimum of 0.5 mph (or 0.2 m/s) to prevent this. A yellow warning appears when this happens. In truly calm conditions, heat stress is actually worse, and the minimum reflects that.

What signs of heat illness should I watch for?

Watch for heavy sweating, muscle cramps, dizziness, nausea, headache, fast heartbeat, and confusion. If someone stops sweating, has hot dry skin, or becomes confused, that may be heat stroke — a medical emergency. Call for help and cool the person immediately.

How often should I recalculate WBGT during the day?

Conditions change throughout the day. WBGT is usually lowest in the early morning and highest in the early afternoon. Recalculate at least every hour during hot weather, or whenever you notice a change in clouds, wind, or temperature.